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'Code of Silence is darker than her earlier work, but I love how Shantel makes you fall for the 'bad' guys.' - Rita 'I've loved everything I've read from Shantel Tessier, and Code of Silence was no exception. And Mafia romance? -Author Becca Steele 'What a freaking book! Shantel Tessier has done it again! BibleThe Bible is a collection of religious texts or scriptures sacred to Christians, Jews, Samaritans, Rastafari and others. It appears in the form of an anthology, a compilation of texts of a variety of forms that are all linked by the belief that they are collectively revelations of God. 'We Keep the Dead Close by Becky Cooper is a brilliantly idiosyncratic variant of generic true crime, rather more a memoir than a conventional work of reportage, so structured that the revelation of the murderer is not the conclusion or even the most important feature of the book. A beautifully composed elegy.'

Dead air is an unintended period of silence that interrupts a broadcast during which no audio or video program material is transmitted.^[1]

Radio and television[edit]

Dead air occurs in radio broadcasting when no audio program is transmitted for an extended period of time, usually more than a few seconds. In television broadcasting, the term denotes the absence of both audio and video program material. Technically, a carrier wave may still be transmitting; in radio, the result is silence, and in television, the result is a silent black image.^[2][3][1]

Although television directors may use the command 'fade to black' or 'to black' to indicate a momentary transition to a completely black image,^[4] the term 'dead air' is most often used in cases where program material comes to an unexpected halt, either through operator error or technical malfunction. Among professional broadcasters, dead air is considered one of the worst things that can occur.^[5] Moreover, dead air could affect advertising revenue if it affects the airplay of paid commercials.^[6]

The term 'dead air' does not refer to a broadcast transmitter that is intentionally shut down, i.e. 'closed', 'signed off' or 'off the air', by a control operator;such a broadcast transmitter is said to have gone 'dark'.^[7][8]

Broadcast regulations[edit]

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In the US, dead air, if prolonged and occurring without permission, is an actionable offense that can result in fines from the FCC.^[9]

Broadcast stations can use programmable devices known as 'silence sensors', 'off air alarms' or 'silence monitors' that will sound an alarm and alert personnel if dead air persists more than a few seconds.^[10][7]

Examples[edit]

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On September 11, 1987, Dan Rather walked off the set of the CBS Evening News when a late running U.S. Open tennis match threatened to delay the start of his news broadcast. The match then ended sooner than expected but Rather was gone. The network broadcast six minutes of dead air before Rather was found and returned to the studio.^[11] CBS affiliates criticized Rather for the incident.^[12]

One significant case of dead air occurred during Super Bowl LII in 2018, when the NBC television broadcast experienced 26 seconds of dead air during a commercial break. The network blamed 'a brief equipment failure',^[13] and stated that no commercial advertising was lost.^[6] Prior to Super Bowl XLV, Green Bay radio station WCHK-FM announced that it would intentionally go to dead air during the game, since the hometown Packers were playing in the game.^[14]

When BBC Radio 2 host Chris Evans did not arrive for work on time resulting in Vanessa Feltz filling in for 30 minutes until Evans took the microphone. The Guardian characterized it as a promotional stunt that forced Feltz 'to fill the dead air with jokes'.^[15]

French public broadcasting network Radio France automatically broadcasts a musical loop (called emergency program) in the event of dead air lasting more than a few seconds. This program is broadcast in the event of unscheduled interruption (due to a fire in the building or technical issues), as well as during programmed blackouts caused by strikes of technicians, journalists, and producers. During such blackouts (which can last for weeks ^[16]), a pre-recorded message will inform listeners that no service is available due to industrial action.^[17]

On March 7, 2021, CBS went off the air for at least 12-15 seconds while airing the Oprah special, Meghan and Harry.

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See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^ ^ab'Dead air'. Oxford Dictionaries (online). Oxford, OXF, GBR: Oxford University Press. 2015. Retrieved 16 July 2015.
2. ^'Modulation and Radio Building Blocks: How does modulation work?'. Radio Academy. Retrieved 7 June 2017.
3. ^'Dead air'. Merriam-Webster's Collegiate® Dictionary, Eleventh Edition (online). Springfield, MA, USA: Merriam-Webster. 2015. Retrieved 16 July 2015.
4. ^Desi Bognar (8 September 2017). International Dictionary of Broadcasting and Film. Taylor & Francis. pp. 48–. ISBN978-1-136-05401-3.
5. ^Susan Tyler Eastman; Douglas A. Ferguson; Robert Klein (20 June 2014), Media Promotion & Marketing for Broadcasting, Cable & the Internet, CRC Press, pp. 128–, ISBN978-1-136-02482-5
6. ^ ^abStelter, Brian. 'NBC blames 'equipment failure' for brief blackout during Super Bowl'. CNNMoney. Retrieved 2018-02-05.
7. ^ ^abNational Association of Broadcasters Engineering Handbook: NAB Engineering Handbook. Taylor & Francis; 26 April 2013. ISBN978-1-136-03410-7. p. 2007–.
8. ^Harry Henderson. Communications and Broadcasting: From Wired Words to Wireless Web. Infobase Publishing; December 2006. ISBN978-0-8160-5748-1. p. 84–.
9. ^'Maryland radio station punished for silence'. Radio & Television Business Report - January 2015. Streamline RBR, Inc. Retrieved 30 June 2018.
10. ^Jonathan Kern. Sound Reporting: The NPR Guide to Audio Journalism and Production. University of Chicago Press; July 2008. ISBN978-0-226-43178-9. p. 339–.
11. ^Boyer, Peter J. 'Rather Walked Off Set of CBS News'. The New York Times. The New York Times. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
12. ^Sharbutt, Jay. 'Rather Criticized For His Cbs News 'Walkout''. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
13. ^Campuzano, Eder. 'Super Bowl 2018: And the most talked-about commercial is ... dead air'. Oregon Live. Retrieved 2018-02-05.
14. ^'Green Bay Packers fan 'Chuck FM' will play 'nothing during the game' Sunday'. Radio-Info.com. 2011-02-04. Archived from the original on 2012-01-08.
15. ^'Chris Evans 'buying a new alarm clock' after tardy arrival for Radio 2 show'. The Guardian. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
16. ^'Radio France strike over plans cut up to 300 jobs'. REI. Retrieved 22 September 2020.
17. ^'Mouvement social à Radio France : les secrets de la playlist de grève de France Inter'. Le Parisien. Retrieved 22 September 2020.